Advanced International Journal for Research

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The Constitutional Promise and the Prison Reality: A Critical Appraisal of Human Rights Protection in Indian Prisons

Author(s) Mr. Vinay Attri, Dr. Maneesh Yadav
Country India
Abstract The Indian Constitution codifies the values of justice, liberty, equality, and dignity of every citizen even the ones in jail. Nevertheless, the realities of Indian jails reveal an outrageous gap between the constitutional principles and institutional facts. This paper is a critical analysis of the human-rights case scenario in Indian prisons, considering how the provision of constitutional promises is being met. Using notable Supreme Court rulings, governmental reports, including Prison Statistics India 2022, and international practices, including the United Nations Nelson Mandela Rules, the study shows some enduring problems of overcrowding, custodial violence, lack of healthcare, gender inequality, and delayed justice. The analysis shows that even with progressive legal structures and judicial activism, systemic inefficiency, absence of accountability and administrative apathy are still affecting the basic rights of the prisoners in Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution. The paper is also based on the necessity of structural changes based on efficient introduction of the Model Prison Manual 2016 and increased monitoring of the work by the NHRC and incorporation of rehabilitative efforts aimed at mental health, education and social reintegration. Eventually, the study concludes that the solution to the constitutional promise and prison reality gap lies in a rights-based, humane, and reformative strategy that will make prisons be institutions of correction but not punishment in order to complete the true spirit of constitutional justice.
Keywords Prison reform; Human rights; Indian Constitution; Article 21; Custodial violence; Prison conditions; Judicial activism; Rehabilitation; Nelson Mandela Rules
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 6, Issue 6, November-December 2025
Published On 2025-12-04
DOI https://doi.org/10.63363/aijfr.2025.v06i06.2354
Short DOI https://doi.org/hbdsrz
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