Advanced International Journal for Research

E-ISSN: 3048-7641   •   Impact Factor: 9.11

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Volume 7 Issue 2
March-April 2026

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Low-carbon and Geopolymer Concrete: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

Author(s) Dr. SURESHKUMAR M P
Country India
Abstract The global construction industry's reliance on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) contributes approximately 8% of worldwide CO₂ emissions, representing one of the most urgent decarbonization challenges of the 21st century. This comprehensive literature review synthesizes over six decades of research on low-carbon cementitious materials and geopolymer concrete technologies, examining their fundamental chemistry, mechanical performance, durability, environmental benefits, and barriers to large-scale commercialization. Geopolymer concrete, produced by alkali-activation of aluminosilicate precursors such as fly ash, slag, and metakaolin, demonstrates CO₂ reductions of 40–80% relative to conventional OPC-based systems while achieving comparable or superior compressive strengths (40–120 MPa), enhanced acid and fire resistance, and substantially lower embodied energy. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) including ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume, and calcined clays have been increasingly integrated into blended cements, with LC³ (Limestone Calcined Clay Cement) emerging as a particularly scalable low-carbon solution. Despite remarkable technical progress, challenges persist in standardization, long-term durability validation, alkali activator supply chains, and public sector procurement policies. This review critically evaluates current knowledge gaps and charts priority research directions needed to transition low-carbon concrete from niche applications to mainstream infrastructure use.
Keywords Geopolymer concrete; Low-carbon cement; Alkali-activated materials; Supplementary cementitious materials; CO₂ emissions; Sustainable construction; Fly ash; Slag; Metakaolin; LC³
Published In Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-03-30
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E-ISSN 3048-7641
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