Advanced International Journal for Research

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Volume 7 Issue 2
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Vitamin D as an Immunomodulator in Infectious Diseases: A Biochemical Review

Author(s) Mr. Akash R, Mrs. Supriya M S, Mr. Shams Tabriz, Dr. Bhagya HM, Dr. Mohammed Yaseen
Country India
Abstract Vitamin D, traditionally associated with calcium homeostasis and skeletal health, has emerged as a critical immunomodulatory hormone influencing host defense against infectious diseases. Increasing evidence highlights its role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the biochemical pathways, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications of vitamin D in infectious diseases. Vitamin D enhances innate immunity by inducing antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin and defensins, improving epithelial barrier integrity, and promoting autophagy and phagocytosis. In adaptive immunity, it suppresses pro-inflammatory T helper (Th1 and Th17) responses while promoting regulatory T cells, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. Epidemiological studies consistently associate vitamin D deficiency with increased susceptibility to respiratory, bacterial, and viral infections, including COVID-19. However, randomized controlled trials yield inconsistent findings due to heterogeneity in baseline vitamin D status, dosing strategies, and population characteristics. This review critically evaluates current clinical evidence, highlighting its preventive potential, limitations in therapeutic application, and areas requiring further investigation. Despite strong mechanistic support, standardized clinical guidelines remain lacking. Future research should focus on personalized supplementation strategies, large-scale randomized trials, and exploration of gene–nutrient interactions. Vitamin D represents a promising adjunct in infectious disease prevention and immune modulation, but its optimal clinical application requires further high-quality evidence.
Keywords Vitamin D; Immunomodulation; Infectious diseases; Innate immunity; Adaptive immunity; Cytokines; Supplementation
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-03-24
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E-ISSN 3048-7641
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