Advanced International Journal for Research

E-ISSN: 3048-7641   •   Impact Factor: 9.11

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Volume 7 Issue 2
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Economic Ethics in Ancient India: Vedic Morality, Taxation, and Fiscal Governance in Textual Traditions

Author(s) Dr. Vibha Rathore
Country India
Abstract Ancient Indian civilization developed a nuanced understanding of economic life, deeply rooted in its philosophical, religious, and ethical traditions. Income, debt, and charity were not seen merely as material or financial concerns but as moral, spiritual, and social duties. Ancient texts such as the Vedas, Smritis, Upanishads, Arthashastra, Jatakas, and Dharmashastras emphasize balance between acquisition of wealth (artha), repayment of debts (ṛṇa), and distribution of wealth through charity (dāna). This paper examines the conceptual foundations, textual references, and socio-economic implications of income, debt, and charity in ancient India. Archaeological evidence from the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization (c. 2300–1700 BCE), including seals used as early trademarks in long-distance trade, further attests to an advanced economic ethos embedded within societal practices. By situating textual traditions alongside material culture, this paper highlights how ancient Indian thought integrated economics with morality, offering a multidimensional model that transcended profit maximization. It argues that this ethical-economic framework not only ensured social justice and sustainability in antiquity but also offers enduring insights for contemporary debates on equitable development, responsible governance, and ethical economics.
Keywords Ancient Indian economy, Economic ethics, Manusmriti, Vedic texts, Socio-economic philosophy.
Published In Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-06
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