Comparative Analysis of Carbon Footprint in Supply Chain and Logistics Models (JIT, Lean, and Hub & Spoke) for Manufacturing Sector

Sahil Navale; Shivam Chingale; Subhadeep Jas; Reva Gangurde; Sakshi Pawar

Comparative Analysis of Carbon Footprint in Supply Chain and Logistics Models (JIT, Lean, and Hub & Spoke) for Manufacturing Sector

Author(s)	Sahil Navale, Shivam Chingale, Subhadeep Jas, Reva Gangurde, Sakshi Pawar
Country	India
Abstract	The global manufacturing sector is currently in dual transition characterized by the pursuit of extreme operational efficiency and the urgent necessity of environmental decarbonization. This research report presents a comparative analysis of three dominant logistics and supply chain architectures - Just-In-Time (JIT), Lean Manufacturing, and Hub & Spoke; evaluating their respective impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and overall carbon footprints. Drawing upon extensive secondary data, including urban logistics simulations, automotive sector performance benchmarks and regulatory standards, the analysis explores the "Logistics Carbon Paradox" inherent in high-velocity models, which prioritises on speed, agility, efficiency and real time data to rapidly meet the demands and reducing the inventory holding times. While JIT and Lean principles effectively eliminate "internal" factory waste and minimize warehouse-related energy consumption, they frequently generate "external" transport externalities and scope 3 emissions due to increased trip frequency and fragmented load factors. Conversely, the Hub & Spoke model demonstrates superior performance in load consolidation and total driven distance reduction, as evidenced by simulation data showing up to a 45% reduction in distance and a 32% reduction in CO2 emissions when centrally managed. The report further investigates the integration of emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twins by using systems like SAP, in mitigating these trade-offs. Key findings suggest that the most sustainable outcomes are achieved through a "Leagile-Green" hybrid approach that aligns Lean’s waste reduction and agile goals with the structural consolidation advantages of Hub & Spoke networks. The analysis concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders to harmonize operational excellence with global climate targets, emphasizing the critical role of standardized Scope 3 reporting and the adoption of multimodal transport corridors.
Keywords	Carbon Footprint, Sustainable Logistics, Just-In-Time (JIT), Lean Manufacturing, Hub & Spoke Model, Scope 3 Emissions, Manufacturing Decarbonization, Supply Chain Management.
Field	Business Administration
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On	2026-04-27

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Comparative Analysis of Carbon Footprint in Supply Chain and Logistics Models (JIT, Lean, and Hub & Spoke) for Manufacturing Sector

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