Advanced International Journal for Research

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Environmental Governance, Implementation Gaps, and Sustainable Reforestation under the Enhanced National Greening Program (ENGP): A Policy and Program Evaluation Framework for Bukidnon Province, Philippines

Author(s) Ms. Michelle S Adecer, Ms. Clydvinis J Villarmia, Ms. Klarissa D Velayo, Ms. Angelica S Gualiza, Ms. Norjannah I Marohomsalic, Ms. Steofany C Sumile, Ms. Grazel Ann P Torbizo, Ms. Mae N Pellazar, Ms. Quennie C Balandra, Ms. Almaira M Abdullah, Ms. Ivy Rose Estifano, Ms. Amenoden D Maraye, Ms. Nabelah S Sambolawan, Prof. Sonnie A Vedra, Ms. Brigette C Hinagdanan
Country Philippines
Abstract Environmental degradation, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate-related vulnerabilities remain major concerns in the Philippines, particularly in ecologically significant provinces such as Bukidnon. In response, the Philippine government implemented the National Greening Program (NGP) in 2011 and later expanded it through the Enhanced National Greening Program (ENGP) to strengthen forest rehabilitation, climate change mitigation, watershed protection, and sustainable development. This study examined the environmental governance mechanisms, implementation gaps, and sustainability issues associated with the ENGP in Bukidnon Province using a qualitative policy and program evaluation framework involving documentary analysis, policy review, implementation records, validation reports, and thematic analysis within the Area of Responsibility of DENR-CENRO Valencia. Findings revealed that the ENGP contributes to reforestation, biodiversity conservation, watershed rehabilitation, livelihood opportunities, and participatory environmental governance through the involvement of local government units, People's Organizations, indigenous communities, and partner institutions. However, challenges affecting program sustainability include weak monitoring systems, inadequate post-planting maintenance, inconsistent institutional coordination, delayed funding, manpower shortages, low plantation survival rates, limited technical capacity, and insufficient long-term incentives for participating communities. The study also identified policy gaps related to institutional accountability and long-term governance structures. In response, an integrated policy and program evaluation framework was proposed, emphasizing community-based forest restoration, adaptive governance, digital monitoring, sustainable livelihood integration, science-based reforestation practices, and strengthened institutional coordination. The study concludes that sustainable forest restoration under the ENGP requires not only large-scale tree planting but also long-term governance reforms, localized implementation strategies, stakeholder empowerment, and evidence-based environmental management approaches.
Keywords Enhanced National Greening Program, Environmental Governance, Sustainable Reforestation
Published In Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-06-16
DOI https://doi.org/10.63363/aijfr.2026.v07i03.6393
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