Advanced International Journal for Research

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Association of Indoor and Outdoor Activity Patterns with Myopia Among School-Going Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author(s) Ms. Afifa Rahman, Ms. Faeza Rahman, Mr. Saad Ahmad, Ms. Nida Parveen, Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Sanjay Kumar Mishra
Country India
Abstract Purpose: To evaluate patterns of indoor and outdoor activities and prevalence of myopia among school-aged adolescents and to determine lifestyle variables that may influence refractive status during puberty.
Methods: Schoolchildren aged 11–18 years participated in a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Structured surveys using Google Form were used to assess demographics, refractive status, spectacle use, outdoor exposure, near-work activities, digital device usage, reading habits, visual behavior and food. Participants were classified according to indoor and outdoor activity habits. Participant characteristics were described using summary statistics. Associations between lifestyle and myopia were assessed by chi-square testing. 'ORs and confidence intervals for selected variables were calculated. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided P<0.05.
Results: The study involved 203 teenagers, 100 of whom completed the indoor activity survey and 103 the outdoor activity survey. Self-reported myopia was 53.0% in the indoor group and 52.4% in the outdoor cohort. There were 55.0% of female participants in the study.
Visual habits are related to myopia. Strong correlation between reading length and prevalence of myopia (χ2=22.20, P<0.001). Higher prevalence of myopia was observed among those who read longer durations. The association between the time spent in outdoor activities and refractive status was also strong (χ 2 = 16.81, P < 0.001). This indicates a lower prevalence of myopia among teenagers who spend more time outdoors. Myopia was found to be significantly associated with screen-use behavior, especially in those who reported insufficient visual breaks when using digital devices (χ 2 = 9.04, P = 0.0026). Children who spent less time outdoors, more time in near-work activities and more time using digital devices were more myopic.
Conclusion: Lack of outdoor activity time, prolonged near work and excessive screen-based activity are strongly related to myopia in school-aged adolescents. Outdoor exercise and healthy visual habits, such as taking frequent breaks during close-up work, may help reduce myopia in this age group. Public health programs aimed at behavioral risk factors may help prevent and control myopia.
Keywords Myopia; Outdoor activity; Near work; Screen time; Adolescents; Refractive error; Visual behavior; Cross-sectional study.
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-06-30
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E-ISSN 3048-7641
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