Direct and Indirect Costs of Outpatient Care in India: a Systematic Review

Author(s)	Ms. SASMITA DALAI, Prof. Dr. MADHUBRATA SATPATHY, Mr. RANJAN KUMAR PANDA, Ms. JITIKA PANDA, Ms. JOSHIKA PANDA, Mr. DEBIDATTA BEHERA
Country	India
Abstract	In India, the cost of outpatient care is much more expensive than inpatient care, placing a heavy financial burden on the family. Outpatient treatment accounts for 80–85% of total healthcare spending. Despite the fact that the federal and state governments have implemented subsidized policies to lower the cost of outpatient care, they are ineffective. Therefore, a thorough investigation is required to determine if the higher outpatient expenditure is caused by direct or indirect costs. A systematic review of two objectives has been conducted to explore the issue. 1. To comprehend how different diseases and conditions in India affect the direct and indirect costs of outpatient treatment.2. To understand the main variations in outpatient care's direct and indirect costs between private and public hospitals. Consequently, this study has identified several potential research directions for future Indian-based investigations.
Keywords	Outpatient care, direct cost, indirect cost, medical cost, nonmedical cost, productivity loss, and absenteeism
Field	Arts
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On	2026-06-23
DOI	https://doi.org/10.63363/aijfr.2026.v07i03.6527

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