Advanced International Journal for Research

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Volume 7 Issue 4
July-August 2026

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A Comprehensive Review of Springshed Mapping and Recharge Interventions: Insights for Mountain and Hill Areas

Author(s) Raushan Aditya Raj, Manjeet Singh, Balram Sharma, Roshan Lal Meena
Country India
Abstract Springs serve as a critical freshwater source for millions of people in mountainous, arid, and karst regions worldwide, with 50-80% of rural Himalayan communities depending on spring water for daily needs. Over recent decades, widespread spring discharge decline has been documented across diverse settings. This review synthesizes current understanding of springshed delineation and management across four domains. First, geomorphological characterization is examined through spring typology (gravity, contact, fracture, and karst springs), topographic and hypsometric analysis, drainage pattern delineation, and land cover influence on recharge. Second, discharge measurement techniques are reviewed, ranging from manual volumetric methods to automated high-frequency monitoring, alongside water quality characterization using physicochemical analysis, hydrochemical facies classification, and Water Quality Index computation. Third, vulnerability assessment and protection zoning frameworks, including integrated hydraulic-time and contamination-vulnerability approaches, are evaluated for their role in safeguarding recharge areas. Fourth, the effectiveness of recharge augmentation structures, including check dams, contour bunds, gabion structures, and percolation tanks, is synthesized using quantitative evidence from intervention studies, which documented discharge increases ranging from 6% to over 100%. The review highlights those springsheds, unlike surface watersheds, are governed by subsurface hydrogeological boundaries that often diverge from topographic divides, necessitating integrated, site-specific, and adaptive management approaches to ensure long-term spring sustainability under combined climatic and anthropogenic pressures.
Keywords Springshed delineation; spring discharge; groundwater recharge; water quality assessment; sustainable spring management.
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-07-02
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E-ISSN 3048-7641
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