Advanced International Journal for Research

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Association of Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Risk Factors with Subclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease among Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author(s) Sai Vineela Peruri, Asma, Shorya, Disha Tewtia, Bikash Kumar Choubey
Country India
Abstract Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is traditionally regarded as a disease of older age, yet subclinical atherosclerotic change can begin decades before symptoms appear. Abdominal obesity and its accompanying metabolic derangements are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults in urban India, but their relationship with subclinical PAD, as measured by the ankle-brachial index (ABI), remains poorly characterised in this age group.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of subclinical PAD among apparently healthy young adults and to examine its association with abdominal obesity and individual metabolic risk factors.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 640 apparently healthy adults aged 18–40 years recruited from an urban community and hospital outpatient population between January and December 2025. Anthropometric measures (waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body mass index), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and a fasting lipid profile were recorded. Abdominal obesity was defined using International Diabetes Federation criteria for Asian populations (waist circumference ≥90 cm in men, ≥80 cm in women). The ABI was measured bilaterally using a hand-held Doppler device; subclinical PAD was defined as an ABI ≤0.90 in either limb. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of subclinical PAD.
Results: The mean age of participants was 29.4 ± 6.1 years, and 52.3% were men. Abdominal obesity was present in 34.2% of participants. The overall prevalence of subclinical PAD was 6.4% (41/640), with a further 11.9% showing borderline ABI values (0.91–0.99). Subclinical PAD was significantly more prevalent among participants with abdominal obesity than those without (11.4% vs. 3.8%, p<0.001). Mean ABI correlated negatively with waist circumference (r = −0.29, p<0.001), waist-hip ratio (r = −0.24, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = −0.21, p<0.001), fasting triglycerides (r = −0.19, p<0.001), and fasting plasma glucose (r = −0.17, p<0.001), and positively with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.22, p<0.001). On multivariable logistic regression, abdominal obesity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.71, 95% CI 1.42–5.17), elevated systolic blood pressure (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.19–3.99), hypertriglyceridemia (aOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.05–3.66), and current smoking (aOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.18–4.64) were independently associated with subclinical PAD, whereas body mass index alone was not (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 0.71–2.41).
Conclusion: Subclinical PAD is present in a clinically meaningful proportion of young, apparently healthy adults and is more strongly associated with abdominal obesity and individual metabolic risk factors than with general adiposity. Ankle-brachial index screening in metabolically at-risk young adults may allow earlier identification of atherosclerotic risk and support timely preventive intervention.
Keywords peripheral arterial disease; ankle-brachial index; abdominal obesity; metabolic syndrome; young adults; cross-sectional study; cardiovascular risk factors
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-09-11
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