Advanced International Journal for Research

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Volume 7 Issue 5
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Balancing Economic Advancement and Environmental Conservation: A Sustainable Development Pathway in India

Author(s) Dr. Rumi Ahmed
Country India
Abstract Economic advancement is a measuring scale of calculating a country’s developmental index. But economic advancement at the cost of degrading environment is a major challenge of sustainable development. The Indian judiciary, as a protector of environmental jurisprudence, developed various principles including the “precautionary principle” which mandates Environment Impact Assessment under the environment Protection Act 1986. Environment Impact Assessment evaluates the future probable ecological impacts of a proposed development project, considering inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. In other words, it is the formal phasewise process used to predict the environmental consequences (positive or negative) of a plan, policy, program, or project before deciding whether to proceed with the proposed action. Though the United States of America was the first country to assign mandatory status to Environmental Impact Assessments through itsNational Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) of 1969, a host of industrialized countries have since then implemented EIA procedures.
In 1986, the Government of India enacted the Environment (Protection) Act, after which a decision was made to make EIA statutory obligation under the Act. Accordingly various notifications were issued since 1994 by the Ministry of of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MoEF&CC) to regulate development projects by screening, scoping and public hearings and post monitoring. The exiting working notification is of 2006. The Ministry has published a draft Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2020 to replace the existing notification of 2006. However the recent fresh hearings in case of Vanashkti vs Union of India to reconcile the conflicting legal precedents on the permissibility of post-facto approvals of development projects is still under consideration by the hon’ble Supreme Court.
This paper will analyse the role of judiciary in application of Precautionary Principle in the light of Environmental Impact Assessment in cases of development projects for economic advancement to maintain a balance between the economic advancement and sustainable development.
The researcher will apply a purely doctrinal method and will make a descriptive analysis of various policies, case studies to understand the jurisprudence behind the precautionary principle.
Keywords Economic Development Precautionary Environment Impact Post-facto
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 7, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-09-26
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