Advanced International Journal for Research

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Phenylmercuric Acetate as an Endocrine-Disrupting Compound: Mechanisms, Reproductive Toxicity and Evidence from Rodent Models

Author(s) Mahadev D Udayagiri, Somanath Reddy C. Patil, Vishwajit B Darekar
Country India
Abstract Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) is a lipophilic organomercury compound that was widely used as a preservative, fungicide and antiseptic in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paints and agriculture. Although its use has been restricted in many jurisdictions, residual and occupational exposure persists. Mercury is a recognized endocrine toxicant, yet organomercurials such as PMA have received far less attention than methylmercury or inorganic mercury. This review summarizes what is known about the chemistry, toxicokinetic and endocrine-disrupting mechanisms of PMA, and integrates in vivo evidence from female Wistar rats across three experimental paradigms: an OECD TG 440 uterotrophic assay, an OECD TG 422 combined repeated-dose and reproductive/developmental screening study, and a 70-day juvenile exposure study. Oral PMA (2 to 8 mg/kg/day) increased uterine weight in ovariectomized rats, but in intact animals it suppressed LH, FSH and estradiol, prolonged diestrus, depleted healthy follicles, reduced pregnancy and delivery indices, increased implantation loss and delayed vaginal opening. These apparently opposite uterine responses suggest that PMA acts in a context-dependent manner, combining non-classical uterine irritation or weak estrogen-like activity with central and ovarian suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. We discuss the likely mechanisms (sulfhydryl binding, oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury), critically appraise the data and the proposed no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), and outline research priorities, including receptor-level confirmation, thyroid and oxidative endpoints, and low-dose and developmental studies.
Keywords Phenylmercuric acetate; organomercury; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; uterotrophic assay; estrous cycle; reproductive toxicity; juvenile rats.
Field Chemistry
Published In Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-04-22
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