Advanced International Journal for Research

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Sanitation Deficits and Labour Precarity among Urban Women Workers

Author(s) Prof. Manimekalai N, Prof. Suba S
Country India
Abstract Urban India has witnessed an increase in women’s participation in paid work, largely concentrated in informal and service-sector occupations (Kabeer, 2012; World Bank, 2012). However, this participation remains fragile, shaped by poor working conditions, employment insecurity, and inadequate workplace infrastructure (Chen, 2012; ILO, 2018). Among these constraints, access to sanitation and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) at workplaces remains a critical but under-examined determinant of women’s labor outcomes, despite evidence that infrastructure deficits affect work continuity and productivity (Duflo, 2012; OECD, 2016). Drawing on a mixed-methods study of 149 women workers across five occupational categories in Tiruchirappalli city, this paper examines how workplace sanitation varies by employment category and how sanitation deficits affect women’s work participation, productivity, income, and dignity. Anchored in a feminist political economy and social infrastructure framework (Rai et al., 2014; UN Women, 2015), the study shows that informal women workers—particularly construction workers, street vendors, and domestic workers—face severe sanitation and MHM deficits that translate into work interruptions, absenteeism, income loss, and heightened bodily stress, patterns also observed in related studies on sanitation insecurity (Sahoo et al., 2015; O’Reilly, 2016). The findings reveal a clear gradient in sanitation access aligned with employment status and income, highlighting sanitation as productive social infrastructure rather than a peripheral welfare concern. The paper argues that neglecting workplace sanitation in urban labor and sanitation policy reproduces gendered labor inequalities and undermines inclusive urban economic development (Rai et al., 2019).
Keywords Workplace sanitation; Women workers; Informal employment; Menstrual hygiene management; Urban labour markets; Gender and development; Social infrastructure
Published In Volume 7, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-02
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E-ISSN 3048-7641
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