Advanced International Journal for Research

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Evaluation of Seminal Stains: A Comparative Analysis of Acid Phosphatase and Prostate-Specific Antigen Tests

Author(s) Ms. Azra Kamal, Mr. Md. Matloob Raza Khan, Ms. Aparna Kumari
Country India
Abstract In the forensic examination of sexual assault cases, the Acid Phosphatase (AP) test is commonly used as a rapid presumptive screening method, while the PSA immunoassay is applied for confirmatory purposes due to its superior sensitivity. Immunochromatographic PSA (p30) tests are capable of detecting minute quantities of seminal material and often produce weak or trace positive results at dilutions where the AP test has already become negative. Because AP relies on an enzyme-based color reaction, its visible response diminishes at higher dilutions, limiting its practical detection threshold. PSA, a glycoprotein secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate and present in high concentrations in seminal plasma, serves as a dependable biomarker for semen identification, particularly in cases where spermatozoa are absent due to azoospermia, vasectomy, or sample degradation. Comparative findings from both tests indicate that the PSA assay exhibits markedly higher sensitivity, detecting seminal fluid at greater dilutions (up to 1:2048 or more), whereas AP activity typically declines and becomes undetectable around 1:512–1:1024.Overall, while both AP and PSA tests are useful for identifying seminal stains, the PSA test offers a more sensitive and reliable means of detection at extreme dilutions where AP reactions become weak or inconclusive. Consequently, in rape investigations, PSA testing plays a critical role by enabling the sensitive detection of seminal fluid, reinforcing biological evidence, corroborating victim statements, facilitating DNA analysis, and providing robust scientific support within the criminal justice system and courts of law.
Keywords Sexual assault investigation, POCSO Act, semen detection, forensic evidence, acid phosphatase (AP) test, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and immunological assays
Field Biology > Bio + Chemistry
Published In Volume 7, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-20
DOI https://doi.org/10.63363/aijfr.2026.v07i01.2838
Short DOI https://doi.org/hbk6wx
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