Advanced International Journal for Research

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Fire Related Respiratory Injury

Author(s) Hasnal Laily Yarza, Yessy Susanty Sabri
Country Indonesia
Abstract Background: Fire-related respiratory injury is a complex clinical condition caused by thermal trauma to the respiratory tract, chemical irritation from combustion products, and systemic toxicity from hazardous gases. This injury is a critical predictor of mortality in burn victims, increasing the risk of death by up to 24-fold. Despite its severity, disaster management often faces significant challenges, including delayed rescue services, limited access to medical supplies, and initial assessments by medical personnel who may lack specific experience in treating burn and inhalation trauma.
Methods: This study was conducted as a comprehensive literature review by searching and selecting relevant, up-to-date academic sources from databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. The selection focused on scientific journals, textbooks, and articles published within the last five years. Each source was evaluated for quality and relevance, then organized into key themes to provide a comprehensive perspective on the etiology, pathogenesis, and management of fire-related respiratory injuries.
Results: The findings indicate that inhaled particles reaching the terminal bronchioles trigger intense inflammatory reactions, leading to mucosal edema, decreased alveolar surfactant activity, bronchospasm, and pulmonary edema. Pathophysiological changes also include the release of chemical mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that increase vascular permeability and cause widespread tissue hypoxia. Assessment relies on clinical indicators such as facial burns, carbonaceous sputum, and hoarseness. While initial thoracic radiographs may appear normal, diagnostic tools like fiberoptic bronchoscopy and CT scans are essential to determine the severity of the injury and identify distal airway damage.
Conclusion: Fire-related respiratory injury remains a leading cause of fire-related morbidity and mortality. Prompt initial assessment using primary and secondary survey, followed by immediate on-site stabilization and prioritized hospital referral, is essential. Failure to provide immediate and appropriate treatment—including airway management and fluid resuscitation—frequently results in severe complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure requiring prolonged ventilator support.
Keywords Fire-related respiratory injury
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 7, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-27
DOI https://doi.org/10.63363/aijfr.2026.v07i01.3024
Short DOI https://doi.org/hbmz2t
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