Extreme Forbush Decreases During Solar Cycle 25: Correlation with CME Kinematics and Geomagnetic Storm Intensity

Author(s)	Dr. Preeti Pandey, Ms. Kajal Pathak, Ms. Avantika Kushwaha
Country	India
Abstract	Solar Cycle 25 has exhibited enhanced eruptive activity, characterized by high-speed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and intense geomagnetic storms. These disturbances significantly modulate galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux near Earth, producing pronounced Forbush decreases (FDs). This study presents a quantitative analysis of extreme FD events observed between 2023 and 2025, integrating neutron monitor measurements, solar wind parameters, and geomagnetic indices. Five major FD events with amplitudes ranging from 4.9% to 7.2% were analyzed. A strong positive correlation (Pearson’s r ≈ 0.86) was found between CME speed and FD amplitude, confirming that faster CMEs produce stronger cosmic ray suppression. Recovery durations varied from 3–6 days and were influenced by persistent interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) disturbances. The results highlight the dominant role of CME-driven shocks and enhanced IMF strength in modulating cosmic ray intensity during Solar Cycle 25. These findings improve understanding of heliospheric modulation processes and contribute to space weather prediction efforts.
Keywords	Solar Cycle 25, Forbush Decrease, Coronal Mass Ejections, Cosmic Rays, Geomagnetic Storms, IMF, Solar Wind, Space Weather
Field	Physical Science
Published In	Volume 7, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On	2026-02-19

About AIJFR Fees & Payment Current Issue Publication Archive	Submit Research Paper Track Submission Status Publication Guidelines Publication Ethics Peer Review & Plagiarism	Join as a Reviewer Editors & Reviewers Reviewer Referral Program Get Reviewer Membership Certi.	Website/Journal Policies Usage Policy Content Policies Privacy Policy

Contact Us		+91-9898-79-39-59	editor@aijfr.com

Advanced International Journal for Research